PLCs, RTUs, PPCs and EMSs — a buyer's guide for people who don't programme them
A plain-English buyer's guide to PLCs, RTUs, PPCs and EMSs for renewable-energy and OT-security teams — what they are, where they sit, and what to buy
19 min read
Iec-62443
── 2026
IEC 62443 evidence pack: one-page version
A printable, opinionated checklist of the documentary evidence an auditor will ask for under each numbered group of IEC 62443 — and what should never count
14 min read
Mapping IEC 62443 controls to NIS2 Article 21 measures
NIS2 Article 21 measure-by-measure, mapped to IEC 62443 clauses with fit ratings and the extra evidence asset owners must produce on top
31 min read
IEC 62443-1-x: the words everyone argues about
A walkthrough of IEC 62443 Part 1 — the foundation documents that define IACS, zones, conduits, SL-T/SL-A/SL-C and the seven foundational requirements
30 min read
IEC 62443-4-1 and 4-2: what an OEM must actually prove
Plain-language guide to the two IEC 62443 parts every industrial OEM gets name-checked for — what 4-1 and 4-2 are, what an OEM must objectively prove, and the red flags in a compliance claim
22 min read
IEC 62443-3-2 and 3-3: what asset owners and integrators must prove
How IEC 62443-3-2 turns risk into a partitioned system design with target Security Levels, what IEC 62443-3-3 requires of the integrated system, and what evidence each party must put on the table
32 min read
IEC 62443-2-x: the management system behind a secure industrial plant
The management-system half of IEC 62443 — how asset owners run their security programmes, how service providers prove their capabilities, and how patches actually reach the field
26 min read